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Barabar Caves

Barabar Caves


Barabar Caves: The Oldest Surviving Rock-Cut Caves in India

Overview / Introduction

The Barabar Caves, located in the Jehanabad district of Bihar, India, represent a remarkable testament to ancient Indian rock-cut architecture. Dating back to the Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE), these caves are considered the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India. They offer a unique glimpse into the artistic and religious practices of a bygone era, particularly for the Ajivika sect, a non-Buddhist and non-Jain ascetic group. The caves are renowned for their highly polished granite surfaces and the echo effect created by their unique design.

Location & Accessibility

The Barabar Caves are situated approximately 25 kilometers north of Gaya and 40 kilometers south of Patna, in the Jehanabad district of Bihar.


  • By Air: The nearest airport is Gaya International Airport (GAJ), which is well-connected to major Indian cities. From Gaya, one can hire a taxi to reach the caves.

  • By Train: The nearest major railway station is Gaya Junction (GAYA). Regular trains connect Gaya to various parts of India. Taxis or local buses are available from the station to the caves.

  • By Road: The caves are accessible by road from Gaya, Patna, and other nearby towns. State buses and private taxis are readily available.

History & Cultural Significance

The Barabar Caves were primarily dedicated by Emperor Ashoka and his grandson Dasharatha Maurya to the ascetic Ajivika sect. The inscriptions found within the caves provide crucial historical evidence of their patronage. The architectural style, particularly the highly polished walls, showcases advanced engineering and artistic skills of the Maurya period. The caves are a significant site for understanding early Indian religious history and the architectural evolution that influenced later Buddhist rock-cut structures.

Main Attractions / Things to See

The complex comprises four caves:


  • Lomas Rishi Cave: Famous for its impressive arched facade, resembling a wooden structure, though it was never completed.

  • Sudama Cave: Known for its polished interior and a circular chamber.

  • Vishwakarma Cave: Characterized by its two chambers.

  • Karan Chaupar Cave: Features a single rectangular room with polished walls.


Adjacent to the Barabar Hills are the Nagarjuni Hills, which contain three more caves, also of the Maurya period and dedicated to the Ajivikas:


  • Gopi Cave

  • Vadathi Cave

  • Vapiyaka Cave

Best Time to Visit

The ideal time to visit the Barabar Caves is during the winter months (October to March). The weather during this period is pleasant and conducive for exploration. Summers can be extremely hot, while the monsoon season (July to September) brings heavy rainfall, which might hinder accessibility.

Entry Details

  • Entry Fee: There is typically a nominal entry fee for Indian nationals and a slightly higher fee for foreign tourists.

  • Timings: The caves are generally open from sunrise to sunset. It's advisable to check the exact timings before planning your visit.

Activities & Experiences

  • Exploration: Wander through the ancient rock-cut chambers and admire the polished interiors.

  • Photography: Capture the unique architecture and the serene surroundings.

  • Historical Insight: Learn about the Maurya Empire, Emperor Ashoka, and the Ajivika sect through the site's history.

  • Echo Effect: Experience the famous echo in some of the caves, particularly Sudama Cave.

Food & Local Cuisine

There are limited food options directly at the cave site. It is recommended to carry your own water and snacks. For a proper meal, you would need to travel to nearby towns like Gaya or Jehanabad, where you can find local Bihari cuisine.

Accommodation

Accommodation options are available in Gaya, which offers a range of hotels from budget to luxury. Jehanabad also has some basic guesthouses. It is advisable to book your accommodation in advance, especially during peak tourist season.

Travel Tips

  • Wear comfortable walking shoes as you will be exploring the uneven terrain.

  • Carry a flashlight to better appreciate the intricate details inside the darker caves.

  • Respect the historical and religious significance of the site.

  • Stay hydrated, especially if visiting outside the winter months.

  • Consider hiring a local guide to gain deeper insights into the history and architecture.

Nearby Attractions

  • Bodh Gaya: A UNESCO World Heritage Site and the place where Buddha attained enlightenment. (Approximately 1.5-2 hours drive)

  • Gaya: A holy city for Hindus, known for the Vishnupad Temple.

  • Rajgir: An important Buddhist and Jain pilgrimage site with hot springs. (Approximately 2-3 hours drive)

Photography Spots

The arched entrance of the Lomas Rishi Cave is a popular spot for photography. The polished interiors of Sudama Cave also offer unique photographic opportunities. The surrounding landscape provides a scenic backdrop for the ancient caves.

Local Events & Festivals

While there are no specific festivals tied directly to the Barabar Caves, visitors can experience local Bihari festivals if their visit coincides with them. Festivals like Chhath Puja (October/November) are celebrated with great fervor in Bihar.

Contact & Official Info

For further information regarding the Barabar Caves, it is recommended to consult the official website of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) or the Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation. You can also contact local tourism offices in Gaya or Patna.


  • Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) website: File

  • Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation website: File

  • Contact Number for tourist inquiries: Person at Calendar event


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